Does psychotherapy improve alexithymia? A comparison study among patients with mild or moderate depression

Abstract Background Alexithymia is reported to be a risk factor for depression. Psychotherapy is efficient for treatment of depression. Yet, the effect of psychotherapies on alexithymia is poorly understood. Objectives We aimed to compare Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Existential Psychotherapy (ExP) and Supportive Counseling (SUP) for therapeutic efficacy and effect on alexithymia in depression. Methods There were 22 patients for each patient group. Sessions were performed as eight consecutive weekly and following two monthly boosters. Sixty six healthy controls were added. Prior to the sessions, patients received Sociodemographic Data Form, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-1), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). The control group received Sociodemographic Data Form, SCID-1 and TAS-20. Patients additionally received HDRS and TAS-20 after their weekly and booster sessions. Results Patients' mean TAS-20 score was greater than of controls, however, it did not have a significant change throughout the study. Mean HDRS scores of ExP and CBT groups were lower than SUP group at the end. Discussion Alexithymia did not improve with psychotherapy. The exception was effect of ExP on externally oriented thinking. Psychotherapies all improved depression. CBT and ExP were more helpful than SUP.

Adaptação de teste para rastreio de delirium em idosos admitidos em serviço de urgência / Adaptation of a delirium screening test for elderly adults admitted to emergency departments

OBJETIVO: O delirium é uma das síndromes mais frequentes em idosos admitidos nas unidades de urgência e, apesar de apresentar sintomas e sinais bem estabelecidos, ainda há falhas de diagnóstico. Dessa forma, o objetivo do estudo foi adaptar o Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMT) como teste de rastreio para delirium em idosos admitidos em uma unidade de urgência. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado no serviço de urgência de um hospital universitário em Brasília, Brasil, no período de abril a junho de 2014. Foram avaliados 90 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com 60 anos ou mais de idade. O Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) Instrument foi estabelecido como padrão ouro para diagnóstico de delirium. Foram aplicadas questões do AMT em versão traduzida e adaptada culturalmente, com quatro modelos distintos e outros reduzidos, todos comparados ao CAM a partir da curva característica de operação do receptor (ROC) (significância < 0,05; H0: ASC = 0,5) e à reprodutibilidade interavaliadores a partir do índice Kappa, por meio do SPSS, versão 22.0.0.0. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de delirium foi de 25,6%. O melhor dos quatro modelos do AMT apresentou sensibilidade de 78,3%, especificidade de 85,1%, com boa reprodutibilidade interavaliador (Kappa = 0,793). O melhor modelo reduzido foi o com quatro questões, com sensibilidade de 82,6%, especificidade de 82,1% e Kappa de 0,746. CONCLUSÕES: A adaptação do AMT (completa e reduzida) mostrou-se adequada como alternativa para o rastreio breve de delirium em idosos admitidos em unidades de urgência quando comparada ao padrão ouro, principalmente para pacientes desacompanhados e sem déficit cognitivo prévio.

OBJECTIVE: Delirium is one of the most frequent syndromes among elderly patients admitted to emergency units and, despite presenting well-established symptoms and signs, there are still diagnostic failures. Thus, the aim of the study was to adapt the Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) as a screening tool for delirium in elderly adults admitted to an emergency department. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the emergency department of a university hospital in Brasília, Brazil between April and June, 2014. We evaluated 90 patients of both sexes, aged 60 years or older. The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) Instrument was considered the gold standard for diagnosing delirium. The complete translated AMT, administered in four different culturally adapted models, as well as condensed models, were compared to the CAM receiver operating characteristics curve (significance < 0.05; H0: AUC = 0.5). Inter-rater agreement was evaluated with the kappa test, using SPSS version 22.0.0.0. RESULTS: The prevalence of delirium was 25.6%. The best of the four AMT models presented sensitivity and specificity of 78.3% and 85.1%, respectively, with good inter-rater reproducibility (Kappa = 0.793). The best condensed model included four questions, with sensitivity and specificity of 82.6% and 82.1%, respectively, and a kappa of 0.746. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the gold standard, the adapted AMT (complete or condensed) was adequate as an alternative for quick delirium screening in elderly patients admitted to an emergency department, especially for unaccompanied patients with no prior cognitive deficit

Age and mini-mental state examination score can predict poor-quality spirometry in the elderly: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES: The goal was to identify predictors of poor-quality spirometry in community-dwelling older adults and their respective cutoffs. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional population-based study involving 245 elderly subjects (age≥60 years). The spirometric data were categorized as good or poor quality, and cognitive status was assessed using an adapted version (scaled to have a maximum of 19 points) of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Multivariate analysis was used to assess the association between poor-quality spirometry and sociodemographic, behavioral and health characteristics. The best cutoff points for predicting poor-quality spirometry were evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS: In this population, 61 (24.9%) subjects with poor-quality spirometry were identified. After multiple logistic regression analysis, only age and Mini-Mental State Examination score were still associated with poor-quality spirometry (p≤0.05). The cutoff for the Mini-Mental State Examination score was 15 points, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.628 (p=0.0017), sensitivity of 74.5% and specificity of 49.5%; for age, the cutoff was 78 years, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.718 (p=0.0001), sensitivity of 57.4% and specificity of 79.9%. CONCLUSION: Age and Mini-Mental State Examination score together are good predictors of poor-quality spirometry and can contribute to the screening of community-dwelling older adults unable to meet the minimum quality criteria for a spirometric test.

Quedas e qualidade de vida de idosos com catarata / Falls and quality of life of people with cataracts

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre quedas e qualidade de vida em idosos com catarata. Métodos: Tratou-se de estudo observacional com delineamento transversal, realizado no Distrito Federal, Brasil, com uma amostra de 38 idosos comunitários divididos em dois grupos: idosos caidores (n=18) e idosos não caidores (n=20). Avaliou-se por meio do instrumento National Eye Institute - Visual Function Questionnaire 25 (NEI-VFQ 25) a saúde geral dos indivíduos da amostra, assim como a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde visual. A caracterização da amostra foi realizada por meio da análise descritiva a fim de avaliar a associação entre quedas e demais variáveis, utilizou-se o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). Resultados: A faixa etária ≥ 70 anos prevaleceu entre os participantes da pesquisa (63,16%). Dentre os idosos que fizeram parte deste estudo, 36 (94,74%) relataram ter algum problema para enxergar. Idosos caidores apresentaram escore geral mais baixo, quando comparados aos não caidores (p=0,0159), apresentaram também maior dificuldade em realizar atividades para perto (p=0,0299) e para longe (p=0,0104), pior saúde mental (p=0,0001) e nível mais elevado de dependência (p=0,0008). Conclusão: As quedas interferem negativamente na qualidade de vida de idosos com catarata, tornando as ações para prevenção de quedas e o tratamento e/ou correção do déficit visual importantes para evitar prejuízos futuros.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between falls and quality of life in elderly individuals with cataract. Methods: This was an observational and cross-sectional study carried out in the Federal District, Brazil, with a sample of 38 community-dwelling elderly individuals, who were divided into two groups: falling elderly (n=18) and non-falling elderly (n=20). The NEI-VFQ-25 was used as a tool to assess the patient overall health and the quality of life related to visual health. Sample characterization was performed by descriptive analysis and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05) was used to evaluate the association between falls and the other variables. Results: Elders within the age group ≥ 70 years old were the majority in this study. 36 participants (94.74%) of this study claimed to have some vision problems. Falling elderly presented lower scores when compared to the non-falling elderly (p=0.0159) and they also showed worse mental health (p=0.0001), higher level of dependence (p=0.0008) and greater difficulty to perform up close vision tasks (p=0.0299) and far vision tasks (p=0.0104). Conclusion: Falls have a negative impact on the quality of life of elderly individuals with cataract, which makes preventive actions and the treatment and/or correction of visual impairments important in order to avoid future harms.

Negative emotions affect postoperative scores for evaluating functional knee recovery and quality of life after total knee replacement

This study aimed to determine whether psychological factors affect health-related quality of life (HRQL) and recovery of knee function in total knee replacement (TKR) patients. A total of 119 TKR patients (male: 38; female: 81) completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-revised (EPQR-S), Knee Society Score (KSS), and HRQL (SF-36). At 1 and 6 months after surgery, anxiety, depression, and KSS scores in TKR patients were significantly better compared with those preoperatively (P<0.05). SF-36 scores at the sixth month after surgery were significantly improved compared with preoperative scores (P<0.001). Preoperative Physical Component Summary Scale (PCS) and Mental Component Summary Scale (MCS) scores were negatively associated with extraversion (E score) (B=-0.986 and -0.967, respectively, both P<0.05). Postoperative PCS and State Anxiety Inventory (SAI) scores were negatively associated with neuroticism (N score; B=-0.137 and -0.991, respectively, both P<0.05). Postoperative MCS, SAI, Trait Anxiety Inventory (TAI), and BAI scores were also negatively associated with the N score (B=-0.367, -0.107, -0.281, and -0.851, respectively, all P<0.05). The KSS function score at the sixth month after surgery was negatively associated with TAI and N scores (B=-0.315 and -0.532, respectively, both P<0.05), but positively associated with the E score (B=0.215, P<0.05). The postoperative KSS joint score was positively associated with postoperative PCS (B=0.356, P<0.05). In conclusion, for TKR patients, the scores used for evaluating recovery of knee function and HRQL after 6 months are inversely associated with the presence of negative emotions.

O uso do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental em pesquisas com idosos no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática / Use of the Mini-Mental State Examination in research on the elderly in Brazil: a systematic review

Resumo O Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) é o teste de rastreio cognitivo mais utilizado no mundo. No Brasil, diferentes versões e pontos de corte do MEEM têm sido usados. Para analisar seu uso em estudos empíricos brasileiros com idosos, efetuou-se uma revisão sistemática de artigos indexados na SciELO. Foram utilizados o nome completo do instrumento e sua abreviação para recuperar os textos. Observou-se uma tendência de crescimento da produção científica analisada, no período de 1998 a 2013. Foram mencionadas 11 versões do MEEM, destacando-se a de Bertolucci et al. Mais da metade das investigações fizeram uso da escolaridade como critério para estabelecer pontos de corte. Os estudos têm sido realizados predominantemente com amostras recrutadas em grandes cidades da região Sudeste e na comunidade. Não obstante a tendência de crescimento de pesquisas com idosos que utilizam o MEEM, as propriedades psicométricas dessa medida têm sido pouco investigadas. Apesar da ampla utilização do MEEM no Brasil, faltam padronização e evidências de validade para essa medida.

Abstract The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is the most widely used cognitive screening test around the world. In Brazil, different MMSE versions and many cut-off points have been used. A systematic review of papers indexed in Scielo was conducted in order to analyze use of the MMSE in Brazilian empirical studies with elderly people. To search for these texts, the complete name of the instrument and its abbreviation were used. A growth trend in the scientific production during the 1998 to 2013 period was observed. Eleven versions of the MMSE were identified and the Bertolucci et al. version was the most cited. Over half of the studies used schooling as the criteria to establish cut-off points. The studies were predominantly conducted using samples recruited from large cities in the Southeastern region and in the community. Despite the growing trend of research with the elderly using the MMSE, the psychometric properties of this scale of measurement have been the subject of little investigation. Despite the widespread use of the MMSE in Brazil, there is a lack of standardization and evidence of validity for this this scale of measurement.

Valoración Geriátrica Integral / Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment

El paciente geriátrico es un paciente de especiales características en el que confluyen características propias del envejecimiento fisiológico y las formas especiales de presentación de las patologías, lo que hace necesaria una valoración especial, la Valoración Geriátrica Integral (VGI), la cual nos permite de una manera global valorar las características de éste tipo de pacientes que se escaparían de una valoración clínica usual, que comprende sólo anamnesis y exploración física. La VGI es "un proceso diagnóstico evolutivo multidimensional (porque analiza las diferentes esferas que integran al individuo) e interdisciplinario (interdisciplinaria porque en esta participan diferentes profesionales médicos, enfermeras y asistentes sociales), diseñado para identificar y cuantificar los problemas físicos, funcionales, psíquicos y sociales que puedan presentar los adultos mayores, especialmente los más frágiles, con el propósito de desarrollar un plan individualizado de cuidados integrales, que permita una acción preventiva, terapéutica, rehabilitadora y de seguimiento, con la óptima utilización de recursos, a fin de lograr el mayor grado de autonomía y mejorar la calidad de vida del adulto mayor." Constituye la herramienta fundamental del trabajo del clínico que atiende pacientes dentro del campo geriátrico. Un reciente metanálisis concluyó que los ancianos hospitalizados que se les realizó VGI incrementaron la posibilidad de permanecer vivos en su propia casa, es decir, menos probabilidades de institucionalizarse, de presentar deterioro funcional o de morir, además de experimentar mejoría de la cognición en un máximo de 12 meses comparado con pacientes de las mismas características...(AU)

The geriatric patient is a patient of special features, in which the physiological aging and the special forms of presentation of the pathologies come together which makes a special evaluation necessary such as the Integral Geriatrical valuation (VGI), which allows us with a global approach to value the characteristics of this type of patients, since could be escape of a usual clinical evaluation, this include only anamnesis and physical examination. The VGI it is "a evolutive multidimensional process of diagnosis (because it analyzes different spheres that integrates the individual) and interdisciplinary (interdisciplinary because of the participation of different areas as doctors, nurses and social assistants), designed to identify and quantify physical, functional, psychic and social problems who can present the elderly population, specially the most weak ones, in order to develop an individualized plan of integral cares, that allows preventive, therapeutic , rehabilitative and the follow up antions , with the optimal uses of the resources, in order to obtain a greater degree of autonomy to improve the quality of life of the elderly patients" It is the fundamental tool of work of the clinicians that takes care of elderly patients. A recent meta analysis study concluded that the elderly hospitalized patients that were evaluated with the VGI , increased the possibility of remaining alive at community field at home, it means. less possibilities to received hospitalization and reducing the possibilities to present functional deterioration or of dying, besides to experience improvement of the cognition in a maximum of 12 months compared with patients of the same characteristics.

Percepções de indivíduos com transtornos mentais e familiares sobre odesempenho ocupacional: contribuições da terapia ocupacional / Perceptions of individuals with mental disorders and their families about the occupational performance: contributions of occupational therapy

O estudo teve como objetivos: investigar a percepção de indivíduos com transtornos mentais e de seus familiares sobre o desempenho ocupacional em atividades cotidianas e as dificuldades para isto e descrever as contribuições da Terapia Ocupacional para auxiliar na melhora do desempenho ocupacional nas atividades cotidianas. Configura-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva que utiliza entrevista semi-estruturada para a coleta de dados e o Método Fenomenológico de Sanders para a análise. As temáticas emergentes foram relacionadas ao lazer e a produtividade. Constatou-se que várias das atividades que os sujeitos gostavam de realizar antes de adoecer, foram as mesmas que deixaram de realizar após a doença mental. Há o desejo de retomar, bem como executar novas atividades cotidianas, porém existem barreiras que são desde a dificuldade financeira, até problemas intrínsecos ao sujeito como medo e insegurança. O terapeuta ocupacional realiza uma parceria com o sujeito e sua família, a fim de auxilia-ló a tornar-se um agente ativo. Pode-se evidenciar ainda a necessidade do desenvolvimento da produção científica que contextualize a atuação e o objeto de estudo da Terapia Ocupacional na saúde mental.

The objectives of study is: determine the perception of individuals with mental disorders and their families about the occupational performance in daily activities and the diffi cultiesfor this and describe the contributions of Occupational Therapy to assist in the improvement of the occupational performance in these daily activities. This study is a qualitative, descriptiveresearch that uses semi- structured interviews for the collection of data and the Phenomenological Method of Sanders for the analysis. Emerging issues were related to leisure and productivity. It was noted that several of the activities that the subjects liked to perform before falling ill, were the same that he left to accomplishafter the mental illness. There's the desire to resume, as well as running new everyday activities, but there are barriers that are from financial hardship, until problems intrinsic to the subject as fear and insecurity. The occupational therapist performs a partnership with the individual and his family, to help him to become anactive agent. Can show the need of scientific development that contextualize the performance and the object of Occupational Therapy study in mental health.

Lower mortality rate in people with dementia is associated with better cognitive and functional performance in an outpatient cohort / Melhor desempenho cognitivo e funcional está associado a menores taxas de mortalidade em pessoas com demência em acompanhamento ambulatorial

We describe a three-year experience with patients with dementia. Method: clinical, cognitive and functional evaluation was performed by a multidisciplinary team for persons above 60 years. Mortality was assessed after three years. Results: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (n=2,074) was 15.7 (8.4). Male patients MMSE (n=758) was 15.6 (8.3) and female's (n=1315) was 15.8 (8.3). Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (n=2023) was 16.5 (7.6); females (n=1277) was 16.9 (7.2) and males (n=745) was 15.7(8.2). From these patients, 12.6% (n=209) died within three years. Baseline cognition of patients still alive was higher (p<0.001) than MMSE of those who died [MMSE=16.3 (8.1) vs. 10.6 (7.6)]. Mortality rate decreased 6% (IR=0.94) for each additional point on MMSE. Higher functional status decreases the mortality rate approximately 11% (IR=0.89) independently of age, gender, and education. Conclusion: Three-year mortality rates are dependent on baseline functional and cognitive status .

Descreve-se experiência de três anos em relação à mortalidade em pacientes diagnosticados com demência. Método: Foi feita avaliação clínica, cognitiva e funcional por equipe multidisciplinar em pessoas com mais de 60 anos. Mortalidade foi aferida no período de três anos. Resultados: O teste do Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) (n=2.074) foi 15,7 (8,4). MEEM dos homens (n=758) foi 15,6 (8,3) e das mulheres (n=1315) foi 15,8 (8,3). As atividades da vida diária (AVD) (n=2023) foi 16,5 (7,6); nas mulheres (n=1277) foi 16,9 (7,2) e nos homens (n=745), 15,7(8,2). Do total de pacientes, 12,6% (n=209) morreram em 3 anos. O estado cognitivo basal dos pacientes vivos ao final dos 3 anos era maior (p<0.001) que o daqueles que morreram [MEEM=16,3 (8,1) vs. 10,6 (7,6)]. Mortalidade decresceu 6% (IR=0,94) para cada ponto adicional no MEEM, ajustado para idade, gênero e educação. Mortalidade decresce em 11% (IR=0,89) independentemente da idade, gênero e educação para funcionalidade mais alta. Conclusão: A mortalidade em três anos depende do estado funcional e cognitivo basal. .

Mini mental state examination and evaluation of factors associated with cognitive decline in HIV/AIDS-infected people / Miniexame do estado mental e avaliação de fatores que se associam à presença de declínio cognitivo em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS

Neuropsychiatric complications are present in almost one third of patients diagnosed with AIDS who show wide variations in their clinical symptoms, featuring a spectrum of disorders ranging from minor cognitive-motor impairments to profound dementia. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is one of the most used and studied cognitive tests around the world and evaluates cognitive function and screening of dementia. Current experiment applies the MMSE to HIV/AIDS patients to screen possible dementia factors in the sample and to evaluate the association of scores that are positively associated with the emergence of cognitive impairment and possible dementia. The study population consisted of 100 HIV/AIDS patients attended at the 15 th and 17th Regional Health Centers covering 50 municipalities in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. Whereas patients were classified with cognitive impairment and patients without cognitive impairment, the factors assessed included depression, body mass index, haematocrit, hemoglobin levels, rate of lymphocytes T CD4+, viral load and gender. Twenty-seven (27%) patients had scores lower than expected and were considered cognitively impaired. There was a significant positive association between cognitive impairment and changes in blood hemoglobin and haematocrit, age and depression.

Complicações neuropsiquiátricas estão presentes em quase um terço dos pacientes com diagnóstico de AIDS e apresentam grande variação na sua evolução clínica, exibindo um espectro de sintomas que vai de disfunções cognitivo-motoras leves a demência profunda. O Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) é um dos testes mais empregados e mais estudados em todo o mundo, e permite a avaliação da função cognitiva e o rastreamento de quadros demenciais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar o MEEM em pacientes portadores de HIV/AIDS de modo a rastrear possíveis quadros demenciais na amostra, bem como avaliar a associação desses escores com os fatores carga viral plasmática maior que 50000 cópias mL-1, concentração de hemoglobina menos de 15 mg dl-1, níveis de linfócitos CD4 inferiores a 200 células mL-1, baixo índice de massa corpórea, baixo hematócrito, idade avançada, sexo feminino e depressão. A população estudada constituiu-se de 100 pacientes com HIV/AIDS atendidos na 15 e na 17ª Regional de Saúde, abrangendo 50 municípios da Região Noroeste do Paraná, classificados em pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo e pacientes sem comprometimento cognitivo mediante a aplicação do MEEM. Foram avaliados os fatores depressão, índice de massa corporal, hematócrito, níveis de hemoglobina, taxa de linfócitos T CD4+, carga viral, idade e gênero. Do total de pacientes, 27 (27%) apresentaram escores inferiores ao esperado e foram, por isso, considerados cognitivamente comprometidos. Verificou-se uma significativa associação positiva entre comprometimento cognitivo e níveis sanguíneos abaixo dos valores de referência para a hemoglobina e o hematócrito, assim como para idade avançada e depressão.

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES: Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. METHODS: Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale. RESULTS: Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores. CONCLUSIONS: Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.

Influencia de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el deterioro cognitivo en un grupo de adultos mayores / Cognitive decline in diabetic and non-diabetic older subjects

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus may be associated with cognitive decline (CD) in older subjects. Aim: To determine if CD is more common among diabetic subjects that their non-diabetic counterparts. Material and Methods: Using a case-control design, 17 diabetic patients with a median age of 73 years (nine females) and 21 non diabetic subjects with a median age of 72 years (17 females), with a similar educational background, were studied. Cognitive status was assessed using the Mini mental State Examination (MMSE), using a cutoff point of 23, and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), that evaluated conceptualization, mental flexibility, motor initiative, sensibility to interference, inhibitory control, and environmental autonomy. The presence of any mental or organic cerebral disease, sensorial impairment or illiteracy were considered exclusion criteria. Results: Fifty nine percent of diabetic subjects and 24 percent of their non-diabetic counterparts, had a MMSE below the cutoff point (p = 0.03). An abnormal FAB was found in 29 and 14 percent of diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, respectively (p = NS). Both tests were abnormal in 29 and 5 percent of diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, respectively (p = 0.05). Conclusions: In this group of subjects, CD was more common among diabetics than their non-diabetic counterparts.

Quality of life assessment of patients with schizophrenic spectrum disorders from Psychosocial Care Centers / Avaliação da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com transtorno do espectro esquizofrênico atendidos nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

OBJECTIVE: Assessing the quality of life and the clinical and social-demographic factors associated in schizophrenic spectrum patients (ICD-10 F20-F29) attending CAPS at the programmatic area 3.0. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of schizophrenic spectrum patients who have been enrolled in 2008 in CAPS in programmatic area (AP) 3 at Rio de Janeiro city, using MINIPLUS to assess schizophrenia spectrum disorder and use of psychoactive substances, Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) to assess psychiatric symptoms and Quality of Life Scale (QLS-BR) to assess the quality of life. RESULTS: Seventy nine patients were included, of whom 74 (93.7 percent) presented some impairment in quality of life. The most frequently affected area was occupational performance. Variables that showed a significant association with severe impairment of quality of life were: marital status, race, occupation, who patients lived with, homelessness, having children, previous psychiatric hospitalization, negative symptoms and symptoms designated as not applicable (being characterized by a lack of typical positive and negative symptoms). CONCLUSION: The knowledge of these factors should be crucial to implement health policies and psychosocial rehabilitation programs focused on improving the quality of life of these patients.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida e as características sociodemográficas e clínicas associadas em amostra de pacientes com transtorno do espectro esquizofrênico (CID-10 F20-F29) atendidos nos CAPS da área programática 3.0 da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal em amostra de pacientes com diagnóstico pertencente ao espectro esquizofrênico, matriculados em 2008 nos CAPS da AP 3 da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizados instrumentos semiestruturados na avaliação da esquizofrenia e uso de álcool e drogas (MINIPLUS), sintomas psiquiátricos (PANSS) e qualidade de vida (QLS-BR). RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistados 79 pacientes, dos quais 74 (93,7 por cento) tinham algum prejuízo na qualidade de vida. A área mais afetada foi o nível ocupacional. As variáveis que se mostraram significativamente associadas ao grave comprometimento da qualidade de vida foram: estado civil, raça, ocupação, com quem reside, situação de rua, ter filhos, internação psiquiátrica prévia, tipo sintomatológico negativo e não aplicável (sendo este caracterizado pela escassez dos típicos sintomas positivos e negativos). CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento desses fatores é importante para a formulação de políticas de saúde e programas de reabilitação psicossocial voltados para a otimização da qualidade de vida dessa clientela.

Desempeño cognoscitivo y mortalidad en personas mayores de 50 años en México / Cognitive performance and mortality in people over 50 in Mexico

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la asociación entre un bajo desempeño cognoscitivo registrado en 2001 en el Estudio Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento en México (ENASEM), y la mortalidad notificada en 2003 en la segunda vuelta del mismo estudio. MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron sujetos de 50 o más años de edad que hubiesen completado las secciones de la encuesta de 2001 sobre ejercicios cognoscitivos, estado de salud, y funcionalidad y ayuda para el desempeño de actividades cotidianas. El desempeño cognoscitivo fue evaluado en 2001 utilizando una versión reducida del Examen Cognoscitivo Transcultural (escala de 0 a 80 puntos). En 2003 se realizó el seguimiento de los entrevistados y se registró su supervivencia o mortalidad. RESULTADOS: Los grupos de entrevistados con puntaje menor a 40 notificaron una supervivencia acumulada de 96,1 por ciento y una media de 26,49 meses de supervivencia (IC 95 por ciento 26,41- 26,57), mientras que los de 40 o más puntos informaron una supervivencia acumulada de 98,7 por ciento y una media de supervivencia de 28,76 meses (IC 95 por ciento 28,68-28,85) (Log Rank χ2 = 59,230 P < 0,001). Un puntaje menor a 40 en la evaluación cognoscitiva se asoció con un riesgo relativo de muerte de 1,863 (IC 95 por ciento 1,30-2,65) en el análisis multivariado. También se asociaron con tasas más altas de mortalidad una mayor edad, autoinforme de diabetes, cáncer, haber fumado alguna vez, recibir ayuda en al menos una actividad instrumentada de la vida diaria y tener un mayor puntaje en la escala de depresión. CONCLUSIONES: Un puntaje menor a 40 en la versión abreviada del Examen Cognoscitivo Transcultural se asoció independientemente con un incremento en las tasas de mortalidad dentro de los dos años siguientes.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the correlation between the low cognitive performance recorded in 2001 in the National Study on Health and Aging in Mexico (ENASEM) and the mortality reported in 2003 during the second phase of that same study. METHODS: The subjects selected were people aged 50 or over who had completed the sections in the 2001 survey pertaining to cognitive exercises, health status, and functionality and assistance with daily activities. Cognitive performance was assessed in 2001 using an abridged version of the Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination (scale: 0 to 80 points). In 2003, there was a follow-up to the interviewees, in which their survival or death was recorded. RESULTS: The groups of interviewees scoring less than 40 had a cumulative survival rate of 96.1 percent, with a mean of 26.49 months of survival (CI 95 percent 26.41-26.57), while those scoring 40 points or over had a cumulative survival rate of 98.7 percent, with a mean of 28.76 months (CI 95 percent 28.68-28.85) (Log Rank χ2 = 59,230 P < 0,001). A score of less than 40 in the cognitive assessment was associated with a relative risk of death of 1.863 (CI: 95 percent 1.30-2.65) in the multivariate analysis. Also associated with higher mortality was older age, self-reported diabetes, cancer, having smoked at some time, receiving assistance in at least one instrumental activity of daily living, and scoring higher on the depression scale. CONCLUSIONS: A score of less than 40 in the abridged version of the Cross-Cultural Cognitive Examination was independently correlated with an increase in mortality within the next two years.

The needs of members of the families of general hospital inpatients / As necessidades dos familiares de pacientes internados no hospital geral

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The needs of members of the families of intensive care unit patients have been studied, but little is known about the needs of members of the families of general hospital inpatients, especially patients with chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to identify the needs of members of the families of general hospital inpatients and investigate associations between these needs and the patients' clinical and psychiatric profiles. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study, in a public teaching hospital. METHODS: A random sample of 47 patients and members of their families was studied. Family members' needs were investigated using the critical care family needs inventory and the patients' clinical profiles were investigated using the hospital anxiety and depression scale, confusion assessment method and Karnofsky performance status. The frequencies of family members' needs were described and the patients' clinical and psychiatric characteristics were correlated with the needs using the chi-squared test. RESULTS: Chronic patients predominated and the needs for reassurance and information were indicated as the most important by all members of their families. No associations were found between the patients' characteristics and the needs of members of their families during the hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: The needs indicated by members of the families of general hospital inpatients were similar to those of members of the families of patients in intensive care units: they considered it very important to be reassured and kept informed throughout the hospitalization.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: As necessidades dos familiares de pacientes internados têm sido estudadas em unidades de terapia intensiva, porém pouco se conhece sobre as necessidades dos familiares de pacientes internados no hospital geral, especialmente dos pacientes com doenças crônicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as necessidades dos familiares de pacientes internados no hospital geral e verificar associações dessas necessidades com o perfil clínico e psiquiátrico dos pacientes. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo descritivo em hospital-escola público. MÉTODO: Numa amostra aleatória de 47 pacientes e seus familiares, as necessidades dos familiares foram investigadas com o uso da CCFNI (Critical Care Family Needs Inventory); o perfil clínico dos pacientes com os instrumentos: HAD (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) e KPS (Karnofsky Performance Status). Foram descritas as freqüências das necessidades dos familiares; a associação das características clínicas e psiquiátricas às necessidades foi analisada com o uso de teste qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Houve predominância de pacientes crônicos e as necessidades de segurança e informação foram apontadas como as mais importantes por todos os familiares. Não foram encontradas associações entre as características dos pacientes e as necessidades dos familiares durante a hospitalização. CONCLUSÕES: As necessidades apontadas pelos familiares dos pacientes internados no hospital geral foram similares às que são apontadas por familiares de pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva: eles consideraram muito importante sentirem-se assegurados e informados durante todo o período de internação.

Evaluation of the health-related quality of life in elderly patients according to the type of hip fracture: femoral neck or trochanteric

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect the type of hip fracture (femoral neck or trochanteric) has on the Health-Related Quality of Life of elderly subjects. METHODS: Forty-five patients with hip fractures (mean 74.30 ± 7.12 years), 24 with a femoral neck fracture and 21 with a trochanteric fracture, completed the 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) at baseline and four months after fracture. The Health-Related Quality of Life scores were compared according to fracture type, undisplaced and displaced femoral neck fractures, and stable and unstable trochanteric fractures. RESULTS: Compared to baseline, all patients scored lower in the physical functioning, role limitation-physical, bodily pain and vitality categories four months after the fracture had occurred. The SF-36 scores for all the scales did not differ significantly between patients with femoral neck versus trochanteric fractures, or between patients with displaced versus undisplaced femoral neck fractures and stable versus unstable trochanteric fractures. CONCLUSIONS: The mental and physical quality of life of elderly patients with a hip fracture is severely impaired one month after fracture, with partial recovery by the end of the fourth month. The negative impact on the Health-Related Quality of Life did not differ significantly according to fracture type.

Subclinical encephalopathy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with a variety of mental symptoms that range from cognitive slowing to mental confusion and dementia. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that COPD leads to cognitive impairment in the absence of acute confusion or dementia. METHOD: The global cognitive status of 30 patients with COPD without dementia or acute confusion and 34 controls was assessed with a Brazilian version of the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE). RESULTS: The MMSE scores were significantly lower in the patient group and inversely related to the severity of COPD. This finding could not be attributed to age, education, gender, daytime sleepiness, hypoxemia, chronic tobacco use, or associated diseases such as diabetes, depression, high blood pressure or alcoholism. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the existence of a subclinical encephalopathy of COPD characterized by a subtle impairment of global cognitive ability.

CONTEXTO: Evidências clínicas e experimentais sugerem que a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) se associa a sintomas neurocomportamentais que variam da lentidão cognitiva à confusão mental e à demência. PROPÓSITO: Testar a hipótese de que a DPOC pode comprometer a cognição na ausência de estado confusional agudo ou de demência. MÉTODO: O estado cognitivo global de 30 pacientes com DPOC sem demência e sem confusão mental aguda e o de 34 controles foi examinado com a versão brasileira do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). RESULTADOS: As pontuações no meem mostraram-se significativamente mais baixas nos pacientes, e inversamente relacionadas à gravidade da DPOC. Este achado não pôde ser atribuído a diferenças de idade, escolaridade, sonolência diurna, hypoxemia, tabagismo crônico, ou a doenças associadas como diabetes, depressão, hipertensão arterial ou alcoolismo. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados sugerem a existência de uma encefalopatia subclínica da DPOC caracterizada por comprometimento sutil da capacidade cognitiva global.

Mini-Mental State Examination norms in a community-dwelling sample of elderly with low schooling in Brazil / Normas do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental para uma amostra de idosos com baixa escolaridade residentes na comunidade no Brasil

The objective of this study was to assess Mini-Mental State Examination norms of a functionally normal sample of community-dwelling elderly. Illiterate and low-educated subjects who scored less than 5 on the Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (PFAQ) [n = 397; female = 269; mean age = 72.15 (SD = 7.24) years] had the 5th, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles calculated according to age (65-74; 75-84 years). Overall MMSE score was 21.97 (SD = 4.48). Mean MMSE for illiterate younger individuals was 19.46 (SD = 3.47), and the quartile distribution was 14, 17, 19, and 21. MMSE of subjects with 1-8 years of schooling was 23.90 (3.87), and the distribution was 15, 22, 24, and 27. MMSE of older illiterate subjects was 18.11 (SD = 3.63), and the distribution of scores was 13, 16, 18, and 20, whereas subjects with 1-8 years of schooling scored 23.81 (SD = 4.01) and the distribution was 15, 22, 24, and 27. These MMSE normative data may help improve the detection of cognitive impairment in Brazil, mainly in the primary clinical setting.

Avaliar normas do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) de acordo com a idade e escolaridade de idosos vivendo na comunidade. Calcularam-se os quartis do MEEM para idosos com 65 a 74 e 75 a 84 anos, analfabetos e com 1-8 anos de escolaridade, com pontuação menor que cinco no Questionário de Atividades Funcional de Pfeffer (QAF) [n = 397; feminino = 269; idade = 72,15 (dp = 7,24) anos].O MEEM total foi 21,97 (dp = 4,48). Nos indivíduos mais jovens, o MEEM entre analfabetos foi 19 (3,47) com quartis de 14, 17, 19, 21. O MEEM dos com 1-8 anos de escolaridade foi 23,90 (dp = 3,87), e a distribuição foi 15, 22, 24, 27. O MEEM dos analfabetos mais idosos foi 18,11 (dp = 3,63) com quartis de 13, 16, 18, 20, enquanto a pontuação dos sujeitos com 1-8 anos foi 23,81 (dp = 4,01), quartis de 15, 22, 24, 27. Os dados de normatização do MEEM podem ajudar o reconhecimento de distúrbios cognitivos no Brasil, principalmente no atendimento primário.

Absence of dementia in late-onset schizophrenia: a one year follow-up of a Brazilian case series / A esquizofrenia de início tardio não evolui para demência: acompanhamento de um ano de uma série brasileira de casos

BACKGROUND: Cognitive deficits of late-onset schizophrenia (LOS) patients have been reported as stable, although some prospective studies show that a sub-group develop a significant cognitive decline. Data on LOS from developing countries are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cognitive performance of Brazilian patients with LOS over the course of one year. METHOD: Thirteen LOS patients were evaluated at baseline and after one year with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the CAMCOG, the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale, the PfefferÆs Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). RESULTS: Cognition and activities of daily living remained stable over the course of one year [baseline MMSE= 21.31 (4.87) and CAMCOG=80.31 (16.68); end-point MMSE=20.77 (3.86) and CAMCOG=82.92 (14.42) (Z=-0.831; p=0.40); baseline ADL=4.31 (5.65); end-point ADL= 5.92 (3.86) (Z=-0.831; p=0.40)]; end-point NPI=10.54 (10.69) (Z=-0.737; p=0.46]. CONCLUSION: Like patients from developed countries, Brazilian patients with LOS do not seem develop dementia, at least over the course of one year.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os déficits cognitivos em pacientes com esquizofrenia tardia têm sido relatados como estáveis, embora alguns estudos prospectivos demonstrem que um sub-grupo evolui com declínio cognitivo significativo. Os dados sobre esquizofrenia de início tardio são escassos nos países em desenvolvimento. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o desempenho cognitivo de pacientes brasileiros com esquizofrenia de início tardio ao longo de um ano. MÉTODO: Os pacientes com esquizofrenia de início tardio (n=13) foram avaliados inicialmente e após um ano com o Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE), o CAMCOG, a Escala de Sintomas Positivos e Negativos, a Escala de Atividades de Vida Diária de Pfeffer (ADL) e o Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico (NPI). RESULTADOS: A cognição e as atividades de vida diária permaneceram estáveis ao longo de um ano [inicial MMSE= 21,31 (4.87) e CAMCOG=80,31 (16,68); final MMSE=20,77 (3,86) e CAMCOG=82,92 (14,42) (Z=-0,831; p=0,40); inicial ADL=4,31 (5,65); final ADL=5,92 (3,86) (Z=-0,831; p=0,40); inicial NPI=13,92 (16,87); final NPI=10,54 (10,69) (Z=-0,737; p=0,46)]. CONCLUSÃO: Assim como os pacientes de países desenvolvidos, esquizofrênicos de início tardio no Brasil não evoluem para demência, ao menos ao longo de um ano.